Infinitive. to include
Past. included
Past participle. included
Gerund. including
Risk factors for giving birth to a large birthweight infant include a previous history of macrosomia, maternal obesity, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, multiparity and male fetus.
Done to: a previous history of macrosomia, maternal obesity, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, multiparity and male fetus
Other risks of labor induction may include:
Done to: Other risks of labor induction
Although most cesarean births are safe, there may be additional risks for you, including:
Done to: additional risks for you
Evaluating an infant for macrosomia or LGA can help identify risks associated with their birth, including labor complications of both the parent and the child, potential long-term health complications of the child, and infant mortality.
Done to: labor complications
Important signs include large fundal height (uterus size) and excessive amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios).
Done to: fundal height, excessive amniotic fluid
Excessive amniotic fluid indicates that the fetus's urine output is larger than expected, indicating a larger baby than normal; some symptoms of excessive amniotic fluid include
Done to: symptoms
Common risks in LGA babies include shoulder dystocia, low levels of blood sugar, brachial plexus injuries, metatarsus adductus, hip subluxation and talipes calcaneovalgus, due to intrauterine deformation.
Done to: shoulder dystocia
Complications of the pregnant mother include: emergency cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, and obstetric anal sphincter injury.
Done to: emergency cesarean section
Multiple factors have been shown to increase the likelihood of infant macrosomia, including preexisting obesity, diabetes, or dyslipidemia of the mother, gestational diabetes, post-term pregnancy, prior history of a macrosomic birth, genetics, and other factors.
Done to: obesity
The occurrence of macrosomia may be influenced by specific gut microbiota, including Bacteroides salyersiae, Bacteroides plebeius, Ruminococcus lactaris, and Bacteroides ovatus.
Done to: Bacteroides salyersiae